In multe familii care au deja animale de companie vine si timpul nasterii unui copil. Odata cu acest eveniment apar si o serie de intrebari cu privire la pericolul pe care pisica sau cainele il manifesta fata de sanatatea femeii gravide si a bebelusului. Pentru a elimina ideile preconcepute si a raspunde macar la o parte din aceste intrebari voi explica cum se manifesta aceasta boala la animale si cum putem sa o prevenim atat la animal cat si in cazul femeii gravide.
Toxoplasmoza este o boala infectioasa cauzata de un parazit unicelular numit Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmoza poate aparea atat la pisici cat si la caini. Pisicile sunt gazdele definitive ale acestui parazit, ele fiind cele care elimina prin fecale parazitul contaminand mediul. Aceasta boala este o zoonoza (se transmite la om), de aceea o atentie deosebita trebuie sa aiba în special femeile gravide precum si persoanele cu imunodeficiente atunci cand intra in contact cu dejectiile din litiera pisicii sau solul contaminat cu fecale de pisica.
Puii sunt mai predispusi la infecția cu Toxoplasma decat pisicile adulte si au semne mai severe de boala atunci cand sunt infectati. De asemenea, pisicile care traiesc in aer liber sau in contact cu fauna salbatica au un risc mai mare de infectie decat pisicile de interior. Animalele care sunt hranite cu carne cruda sau incomplet fiarta prezinta un risc mai mare de imbolnavire ca si animalele cu imunitatea scazuta.
Pisicile, de obicei, pot contacta boala prin urmatoarele mijloace:
• Transplacentar, parazitul este ingerat de femela gestanta, se multiplica in placenta si apoi infecteaza fatul.
• Ingerarea parazitului in timpul hranirii cu tesuturile de pasari sau rozatoare infectate.
• Ingestia de alimente sau apa contaminate cu fecale infectate cu Toxoplasma.
• Transfuzia de sange infectat (rar).
Semnele de toxoplasmoza la animalele de companie sunt nespecifice, iar cele mai multe pisici nu prezinta semne de infectie. Uneori pot aparea febra, pierderea poftei de mancare sau depresia. In cazul infectiei pulmonare, cerebrale sau oftalmice pot sa apara semne suplimentare specifice organului afectat. Alte semne clinice sunt:
• semne ale sistemului nervos central pot include depresia, semne neurologice, orbire partiala sau totala, convulsii si moarte.
• semne respiratorii pot include febra, tuse sau rata respiratorie crescuta la efort.
• semnele oftalmice pot include blefarospasm sau sensibilitate la lumina (fotofobie).
• alte semne care pot fi observate sunt ascita (acumulare de lichid in abdomen), icter, hepatomegalie (ficat marit), dureri musculare, pierderea poftei de mancare si pierderea in greutate.
Orice astfel de manifestare trebuie sa te indrepte in cel mai scurt timp catre medicul veterinar clinician care va recomanda testele de diagnostic.
Diagnostic
Cea mai bună metodă de diagnostic in toxoplasmoza este reprezentata de dozarea anticorpilor de Toxoplasma din organismul pisicii clinic sanatoasa. Acest test este concludent si ne poate asigura linistea daca pisica nu este purtatoare si nu elimina oochisti de Toxoplasma.
Medicul veterinar poate recomanda de asemenea alte teste de de diagnostic, cum ar fi:
• Hemoleucograma completa
• Profilul Biochimie
• Examinarea fecalelor
• Examen oftalmic
• Titru de anticorpi IgG și IgM
• Testul ELISA (test cu antigen)
• Radiografie pulmonara
• Analiza lichidului cefalorahidian(LCR)
• Analiza lichidului pleural sau peritoneal.
Tratament
• Antibiotice
• Anticonvulsivante
• Fluidoterapie
Prevenire
Animalele de companie ar trebui sa fie hranite doar cu hrana uscata, conserve sau alimente bine gatite.
Pisicile si cainii nu ar trebui sa fie hraniti cu carne cruda, maruntaie sau oase deoarece aceste tesuturi pot contine chisturi de Toxoplasma.
Luarea de masuri pentru a preveni contactul pisicii sau cainelui cu animale salbatice.
Containerele de gunoi vor fi securizate pentru a nu permite ingestia gunoiului menajer de catre animalul de companie.
Femeile gravide si persoanele cu imunitatea scazuta vor evita contactul cu solul contaminat cu fecalele pisicii sau cu litiera pisicii.
In cazul in care un alt membru al familiei nu poate curata litiera pisicii, se va asigura o igiena suplimentara a litierei prin oparirea periodica a acesteia si dezinfectia mainilor femeii gravide cu substante dezinfectante.
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