In ultima perioada, din ce in ce mai multi iubitori de animale achizitioneaza pentru companie iepurasi de diverse rase, marimi si culori, de la crescatori sau pet-shopuri. Odata ajunsi acasa iepurasii ne uimesc cu sociabilitatea, agilitatea, sariturile, joaca de-a v-ati ascunselea, buna lor dispozitie fiind un semn de sanatate . Deoarece dorim sa ii vedem tot timpul asa de sanatosi si bine dispusi va voi descrie cateva reguli de igiena si dieta care mentin sanatatea micutului rozator.
Locul in care este amplasta cusca iepurasului trebuie sa fie unul ferit de agitatia oamenilor sau prezenta altor animale.
Temperatura ambientala sa se situeze peste limita de inghet si pana in 27 de grade dar fara curenti de aer sau umezeala. Nerespectarea regimului termic poate duce la aparitia afectiunilor respiratorii, insolatii, degeraturi sau boli de origine parazitara, fungica sau bacteriana.
Cusca destinata iepurasului trebuie sa fie de dimensiuni generoase pentru a asigura suficient spatiu sariturilor pe care micutul le adora spre deliciul proprietarilor sai. Cusca va fi impartita in zona de hranire, zona de odihna si zona de joaca. Dezinfectia custii se poate face periodic cu solutii pe baza de clor.
Asternutul este unul special care va preveni aparitia leziunilor podale sau aspiratia particulelor contaminate. Cel mai indicat tip de asternut este cel sub forma de brichete din lemn care este foarte absorbant si confortabil. Iepurasul poate fi invatat sa isi faca nevoile fiziologice intr-o litiera speciala pentru iepuri amplasata in lateralul custii si opus de zona jgheabului de mancare sau adapatorii.
Hrana trebuie sa fie alcatuita din fan de buna calitate, radacinoase palite (putin uscate), frunze palite, fructe in cantitati mici sau pelete speciale pentru iepuri, bogate in vitamine.
Dintre alimentele interzise pot enumera: cartoful, rosia, conopida, varza, ciocolata, painea, dulciurile.
Nerespectarea conditiilor de igiena ale alimentelor poate duce la grave afectiuni digestive cum ar fi balonarea, diareea, dezechilibre ale florei microbiene, paraziti.
Apa potabila trebuie sa fie foarte curata (apa plata) sau dezinfectata cu o picatura de albastru de metilen. Apa se va schimba zilnic pentru a nu exista pericolul contaminarii cu agentii patogeni specifici leporidelor. Ca antiseptic intestinal este recomandat si ceaiul de menta. Iepurii care primesc apa curata, mancare buna si sunt intretinuti in incaperi curate vor fi niste iepuri sanatosi. Ca sa fiti siguri ca veti descoperi indispozitia iepurasului la timp se recomanda sa-i examinati des, cel putin o data la fiecare 2-3 saptamini. Examinati foarte atent ochii, urechile, nasul si organele genitale. Daca observati ceva modificari insotite de pierderea bunei dispozitii contactati de urgenta medicul veterinar care il va consulta si va recomanda medicatia necesara si conditiile de igiena care trebuiesc aplicate pana la insanatosirea iepurasului.
Vizita la cabinetul veterinar trebuie sa fie programata inca din primele zile de adaptare a iepurasului cu noua locuinta. Medicul veterinar va recomnada prima deparazitare, esentiala pentru o dezvoltare armonioasa, urmata de vaccinarile pentu Mixomatoza si Boala hemoragica.
Dupa efectuarea vaccinurilor, tot medicul veterinar va recomanda tratamente periodice profilactice pentru infestatiile parazitare, infectii bacteriene sau fungice.
Sezonul rece predispune specia leporidelor la contractarea unor forme de diaree, unele chiar foarte grave. Frigul si umezeala sunt factori predispozanti pentru instalarea diareilor prin faptul ca obliga organismul sa se adapteze la conditiile climatice. Acest efort de adaptare influenteaza sistemul circulator, nervos, endocrin favorizand patrunderea si instalarea unor germeni infectiosi la nivelul mucoasei intestinale. Alti factori favorizanti bolii sunt furajele intarite (lignificate) iar toamna este bogata in astfel de furaje (de exemplu: otava si fanuri invechite, coceni de porumb). Furajele mucegaite sunt, de asemenea, factori predispozanti pentru instalarea enteritelor grave. Primele simptome ale diareei la iepuri nu sunt greu de observant, fecalele au consistenta diferita, de la moale la lichida, iar culoarea difera in functie de bacilul contractat si de cat de avansata este boala. Animalele nu consuma furaje, nu au pofta de mancare si sunt deshidratate (din cauza deselor descarcari diareice). Uneori apare si febra alteori nu. Frecvent, diareea este insotita si de balonari mortale.
Osteoperoza si Rahitismul (maladii ale oaselor)
Osteoperoza se caracterizeaza printr-o descompunere progresiva a oaselor. Consistenta oaselor devine “de burete”, acestea devin fragile si friabile putand aparea foarte usor fracturi ale membrelor. Rahitismul se caracterizeaza prin oase malformate si membre strimbe. Aceasta maladie are drept cauza hipovitaminoza D ceea ce inseamna ca iepurasii nu primesc suficienta hrana ce contine calciu, lumina solara sau ambele. In ratia alimentara trebuie sa existe plante ce au un continut bogat de calciu (ex: lucerna si orz).
Hipercalcemia
Hipercalcemia este cauzata de un exces de calciu in hrana iepurilor. Forma naturala a corpului iepurelui se schimba treptat si miscarile ii devin greoaie, rigide. Pentru a preveni aceasta maladie incercati sa nu exagerati cu adaosuri de calciu in dieta iepurilor. De asemenea, dati-le mai putine plante bogate in calciu (ex: lucerna si orz).
Avitaminoza
Aceasta maladie apare cind dieta iepurilor este saraca in vitamina A . Boala se caracterizeaza printr-o cadere exagerata a parului. Putem evita cu usurinta aceasta situatie adaugand in dieta animalelor alimente bogate in vitamina A (ex: sfecla rosie si morcovi). Mixomatoza este cauzata de virusul Myxoma (genul Leporipoxvirus), un virus care apartine aceleiasi familii ca si virusul ce produce variola. Virusul este originar din America de Sud unde a produs o pierdere majora printre iepurii salbatici. Virusul se raspandeste atat la iepurii de casa cat si la cei salbatici, atat prin contact direct (mucoasa, piele, cale digestiva) cat si indirect (prin intepaturile insectelor hematofage: tantari, purici s.a.). Simptomele sunt reprezentate de alterarea starii generale si aparitia abceselor (mixoamelor) in zona capului, membrelor si zona genitala.
Toxoplasmoza
Toxoplasma gondii este un protozor parazit intracelular care poate fi gasit in peste 300 de specii de animale (in general paraziteaza animalele cu sange cald). Desi gazda finala este pisica el poate exista si pe gazde intermediare cum ar fi iepurele sau omul. Gazdele de transport sunt ramele, mustele si gandacii de bucatarie. Afecteaza predominant aparatul respirator si sistemul neuro-muscular. In urma infestarii cu Toxoplasma, in organismul iepurelui apar chisturi in creier, muschi, plamani si ochi dar nu numai.
Toxoplasmele (rezultatul toxic al activitatii parazitului) pot fi gasite prin analize de laborator specifice in mai toate organele interne ale animalului bolnav.
Pasaluroza
Este un parazitism al intestinului gros (cecum si colon) produs de oxiurul Passalurus Ambiguus care afecteaza atat iepurele de casa cat si pe cel salbatic. Passalurus Ambiguus este un vierme nematod de talie mica de culoare albicioasa. Ouale parazitilor se amesteca cu fecalele fiind astfel eliminate in mediul exterior. In 18-24 de ore larvele ajung in stadiul infestant si pot trece la alte exemplare de iepuri prin apa de baut sau furajele contaminate. Rezistenta oualor in mediul exterior variaza pana la maxim 15 zile.
Trichineloza
Este o boala provocata de viermele nematod Trichinella Spiralis si vizeaza aparatul digestiv si musculatura. Boala poate afecta foarte multe specii de mamifere (peste 100) atat domestice cat si salbatice si desigur omul. Spre deosebire de om la care boala are o evolutie grava, la animale boala evolueaza aproape fara simptome vizibile. Acesti paraziti se localizeaza in aparatul digestiv (adultii) sau musculatura (larvele).
Coccidioza
Agent etiologic: Iepurii de casa sunt parazitati de zece tipuri distincte de coccidii (genul Eimeria). Dupa infectare, sporochistii se dechisteaza si elibereaza sporozoizi, acestia patrunzand si dezvoltandu-se in epiteliul intestinal (in general) sau in canalele hepatice. Din punct de vedere clinic, coccidiozele evolueaza sub trei forme: intestinala, hepatica si otorinofaringiana. Aproape ca nu exista iepure care sa nu aiba oochisti. Un iepure poate trai sanatos toata viata lui fara ca boala sa apara (desi agentul etiologic exista in corpul sau). Coccidiozele se intalnesc in randul efectivelor daca li se ofera urmatorii factori favorizanti:
• asternut umed
• lipsa ventilatiei in adaposturile inchise;
• hranirea deficitara;
• zgomote puternice;
• lotizari (repartizarea unui iepure bolnav intr-un lot sanatos);
• microclimat necorespunzator (curenti de aer, stagnarea dejectiilor si temperaturi foarte ridicate in adapost).
Factorii de mai sus sunt agresivi si determina o slabire a imunitatii ,ceea ce conduce la o inmultire masiva a coccidiilor din organismul animalului. Odata aparuta boala, aceasta trece de la un animal la altul prin oochistii din excremente acestia infestand furajele si a apei de baut.
Boala apare de obicei la tineret (cam in perioada intarcarii) si este consecinta unei infestari interne masive cu oochisti. In forma supraacuta fecalele devin lichide, cu aspect mucos si sunt eliminate mai frecvent. Abdomenul este permanent balonat si (din pricina diareei) iepurii slabesc foarte repede. Moartea survine dupa 9-10 zile de la infestare. In forma acuta exista aceleasi simptome dar mai atenuate si boala evolueaza mai lent (14-15 zile). Spre sfarsitul evolutiei bolii, iepurii prezinta tulburari nervoase. Acestea sunt pricinuite de prezenta toxinelor in organism. Forma cronica apare numai la iepurii mari in varsta de 4 luni si este mai putin grava. Se manifesta prin urinari frecvente, o usoara diaree si uneori chiar constipatie.
Infestarea cu paraziti hematofagi (purici, paduchi). Bolile, simtomele si tratamentul in cazul infestarii iepurilor cu insecte parazite hematofage (care se hranesc cu sange) sunt identice cu cele din cazul celorlalte animale domestice. La cabinetul veterinar, medicul veterinar va consulta iepurasul si va actiona pentru combaterea parazitilor hematofagi.
In contextul patologiei generale, apreciind sensibilitatea si dragalasenia acestei specii, este nevoie de mare atentie in ingrijire pentru preventie deoarece este mai usor sa previi decat sa combati.
Pentru consultatii, tratamente, vaccinare caini si pisici, microcip caini, analize laborator sau orice alte servicii medicale veterinare va rugam sa vizitati www.sipvet.ro
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